Fixed, though I'm not sure what did it.

As well as those config files, I installed some stuff using slapt-src, such as alsa-tools, which comes bearing firmware. It was also important to establish that the correct socket for the headphones is the one at the front.
The behaviour I am now seeing is that the speakers play but if you plug in the headphones they mute, and all sound goes to the headphones; if you unplug them the speakers immediately start playing. No separate devices appear in alsamixer. My grandmother would be happy.
/etc/modprobe.d/alsa.base currently contains the following single line:
Code: Select all
options snd-hda-intel model=ideapad position_fix=1 enable=yes
The box the laptop came in tells me it is model Lenovo G470.
I hate not understanding how things work
